Self Calibrating Interferometric Sensor

نویسنده

  • Henrik Schiøtt Sørensen
چکیده

This thesis deals with the development of an optical sensor based on micro interferometric backscatter detection (MIBD). A price effective, highly sensitive and ready for mass production platform is the goal of this project. The thesis covers three areas. The first part of the thesis deals with theoretical models for describing the optical phenomena utilized in this technique. A model based on ray–tracing has been developed and shown to be a valuable tool for describing certain features in the fringe pattern. The MIBD measurement technique has been expanded to do absolute determination of the refractive index, with an experimental precision of 2.5 ·10−4, using this newly discovered feature. As the MIBD has been used as a biosensor for detecting molecular scaled species, a model valid for changes in system sizes below the geometrical optics regime has been developed. Modeling based on solutions to Maxwell’s equations has with high accuracy described the optical effects when binding events occurs on the inside of a capillary. It is of paramount importance to find a practical stop criteria for the else infinite summation used to find the scattering constants, which is the basis for the model. Different geometries have been modeled, including semicircular, circular and rectangular flow channels. Theoretical work has shown that the sensitivity of the rectangular geometry is caused by diffraction off the corners. The second part of the thesis deals with the fabrication of injection molded polymer microflow chips. The MIBD technology has been transferred to a chip based platform with a close–to–capillary like geometry. These assembled chips has in the MIBD setup shown detection limits of ∆n = 4 · 10. The fabrication has been done by isotropic etching in silicon through a silicon nitride sacrificial mask. The fabricated micro structures have been electroplated for later injection molding, showing the potential of the MIBD sensor to be mass produced with high reproducibility and sensitivity. In part three MIBD experiments on vital biological systems are described. Label– free binding studies of bio molecules have been performed in easy to fabricate micro flow channels in elastomer material (PDMS), both surface bound and in free solution. Thermodynamic binding constants for protein–protein interactions has been found and validated by other techniques. The detection limit obtained from these experiments were 9 attomole Human IgG in a 495 pL measurement volume. The free solution protein binding experiments and results places MIBD in a unique position with comparable thermodynamic capabilities with the golden standard ITC, but orders of magnitude faster and less analyte sample consuming. The completion of a Lab–on–a–chip device making a complete blood analysis will be a paradigm shift moving the analysis from the laboratories closer to the bedside. Abstract – Dansk resume Dansk resume Denne afhandling omhandler udviklingen af en optisk sensor baseret p̊a Mikro Interferometrisk Tilbagespredt Detektion (MITD). Afhandlingen dækker tre omr̊ader. Den første del af afhandlingen omhandler teoretiske modeller, der beskriver fænomenerne bag den interferometri baserede sensor. En str̊ale baseret optisk model er blevet udviklet og har vist sig at være et værdifuldt værktøj, der beskriver strukturter i stribe mønstret, der muliggør bestemmelse af det absolutte brydningsindeks. Gennem eksperimenter har denne fundamentale nye m̊ade at benytte MITD metoden p̊a bestemt det absolutte brydningsindeks med en præcision p̊a 2.5 · 10. Da MITD er blevet benyttet som en biosensor til m̊aling af molekylære størrelser, er en gyldig model blevet udviklet for størrelsesændringer mindre end beskrevet ved geometrisk optik. Den elektromagnetiske bølge model har med høj nøjagtighed beskrevet bindingsreaktioner, der foreg̊ar p̊a indersiden af et kapilærrør. Det har kun været muligt ved at finde et brugbart stop kriterium til den ellers uendelige sum, der benyttes til at finde spredningskonstanterne, modellen bygger p̊a. Teoretisk arbejde har vist at følsomheden fra den rektangulære geometri stammer fra diffraktion fra hjørnerne. Den anden del af afhandlingen omhandler fremstillingen af sprøjtestøbte polymer mikroflow chips. MITD teknologien er blevet overført til en chip baseret platform med en kapillærrør– lignende geometri. Disse samlede chip har i MITD opsætningen vist m̊alegrænser p̊a ∆n = 4 · 10. Fremstillingen er udført ved at ætse isotropisk i silicium gennem en siliciumnitrid maske. De fremstillede mikrostrukturer er blevet galvaniseret for senere at blive sprøjtestøbt, derved er potentialet for MITD sensoren for at blive masseproduceret med høj reproducerbarhed og følsomhed vist. I tredje del er MITD eksperimenter beskrevet. Markørfri bindingsstudier af biomolekyler er blevet udført i mikroflow kanaler i et elastisk materiale (PDMS). Dette er udført hhv. med reaktatterne i fri opløsning eller bundet til en overflade. Termodynamiske bindings konstanter for protein–protein reaktioner er bestemt og eftervist med andre teknikker. Målegrænser opn̊aet med disse eksperimenter var 9 attomol Human IgG i et 495 pL stort m̊alevolume. Eksperimenterne med protein reaktioner i opløsning og de opn̊aede resultater placerer MITD i en unik position, hvor man hurtigere og med mindre prøve forbrug kan f̊a termodynamiske data, der er sammenlignelige med den gyldne standard ITC. Færdiggørelsen af et Lab– on–a–chip, der kan udføre komplete analyser p̊a blod vil være et paradigmeskift, der flytter analysen ud af laboratoriet og tættere p̊a patienterne.

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تاریخ انتشار 2006